Go में REST APIs बनाना: पूर्ण मार्गदर्शिका

package main

import (
    "encoding/json"
    "log"
    "net/http"
)

type Response struct {
    Message string `json:"message"`
    Status  int    `json:"status"`
}

func healthHandler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
    w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
    json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(Response{
        Message: "API is healthy",
        Status:  200,
    })
}

func main() {
    http.HandleFunc("/health", healthHandler)
    log.Println("Server starting on :8080")
    log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil))
}

package main

import (
    "github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
    "net/http"
)

func main() {
    r := gin.Default()

    r.GET("/users/:id", func(c *gin.Context) {
        id := c.Param("id")
        c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{
            "user_id": id,
            "name": "John Doe",
        })
    })

    r.Run(":8080")
}

// Handler Layer - HTTP concerns
type UserHandler struct {
    service *UserService
}

func (h *UserHandler) GetUser(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
    id := chi.URLParam(r, "id")
    user, err := h.service.GetByID(r.Context(), id)
    if err != nil {
        respondError(w, err)
        return
    }
    respondJSON(w, user)
}

// Service Layer - Business logic
type UserService struct {
    repo *UserRepository
}

func (s *UserService) GetByID(ctx context.Context, id string) (*User, error) {
    // Validate, transform, apply business rules
    return s.repo.FindByID(ctx, id)
}

// Repository Layer - Data access
type UserRepository struct {
    db *sql.DB
}

func (r *UserRepository) FindByID(ctx context.Context, id string) (*User, error) {
    // Database query implementation
}

type CreateUserRequest struct {
    Email    string `json:"email" validate:"required,email"`
    Username string `json:"username" validate:"required,min=3,max=50"`
    Age      int    `json:"age" validate:"gte=0,lte=150"`
}

func (h *UserHandler) CreateUser(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
    var req CreateUserRequest
    if err := json.NewDecoder(r.Body).Decode(&req); err != nil {
        respondError(w, NewBadRequestError("Invalid JSON"))
        return
    }

    validate := validator.New()
    if err := validate.Struct(req); err != nil {
        respondError(w, NewValidationError(err))
        return
    }

    // Process valid request
}

func authMiddleware(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
    return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
        token := r.Header.Get("Authorization")
        userID, err := validateToken(token)
        if err != nil {
            http.Error(w, "Unauthorized", http.StatusUnauthorized)
            return
        }

        ctx := context.WithValue(r.Context(), "userID", userID)
        next.ServeHTTP(w, r.WithContext(ctx))
    })
}

import "github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v5"

func generateToken(userID string) (string, error) {
    claims := jwt.MapClaims{
        "user_id": userID,
        "exp":     time.Now().Add(time.Hour * 24).Unix(),
    }

    token := jwt.NewWithClaims(jwt.SigningMethodHS256, claims)
    return token.SignedString([]byte(os.Getenv("JWT_SECRET")))
}

func validateToken(tokenString string) (string, error) {
    token, err := jwt.Parse(tokenString, func(token *jwt.Token) (interface{}, error) {
        return []byte(os.Getenv("JWT_SECRET")), nil
    })

    if claims, ok := token.Claims.(jwt.MapClaims); ok && token.Valid {
        return claims["user_id"].(string), nil
    }
    return "", err
}

func loggingMiddleware(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
    return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
        start := time.Now()
        log.Printf("Started %s %s", r.Method, r.URL.Path)

        next.ServeHTTP(w, r)

        log.Printf("Completed in %v", time.Since(start))
    })
}

func rateLimitMiddleware(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
    limiter := rate.NewLimiter(10, 20) // 10 requests/sec, burst of 20

    return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
        if !limiter.Allow() {
            http.Error(w, "Rate limit exceeded", http.StatusTooManyRequests)
            return
        }
        next.ServeHTTP(w, r)
    })
}

type APIError struct {
    Code    int    `json:"code"`
    Message string `json:"message"`
    Details string `json:"details,omitempty"`
}

func (e *APIError) Error() string {
    return e.Message
}

func NewBadRequestError(message string) *APIError {
    return &APIError{
        Code:    http.StatusBadRequest,
        Message: message,
    }
}

func NewNotFoundError(resource string) *APIError {
    return &APIError{
        Code:    http.StatusNotFound,
        Message: fmt.Sprintf("%s not found", resource),
    }
}

func respondError(w http.ResponseWriter, err error) {
    apiErr, ok := err.(*APIError)
    if !ok {
        apiErr = &APIError{
            Code:    http.StatusInternalServerError,
            Message: "Internal server error",
        }
        // Log the actual error for debugging
        log.Printf("Unexpected error: %v", err)
    }

    w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
    w.WriteHeader(apiErr.Code)
    json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(apiErr)
}

func initDB() (*sql.DB, error) {
    db, err := sql.Open("postgres", os.Getenv("DATABASE_URL"))
    if err != nil {
        return nil, err
    }

    db.SetMaxOpenConns(25)
    db.SetMaxIdleConns(5)
    db.SetConnMaxLifetime(5 * time.Minute)

    return db, db.Ping()
}

func (r *UserRepository) FindByEmail(ctx context.Context, email string) (*User, error) {
    query := `SELECT id, email, username, created_at FROM users WHERE email = $1`

    var user User
    err := r.db.QueryRowContext(ctx, query, email).Scan(
        &user.ID,
        &user.Email,
        &user.Username,
        &user.CreatedAt,
    )

    if err == sql.ErrNoRows {
        return nil, ErrUserNotFound
    }
    return &user, err
}

func TestGetUserHandler(t *testing.T) {
    // सेटअप
    mockService := &MockUserService{
        GetByIDFunc: func(ctx context.Context, id string) (*User, error) {
            return &User{ID: "1", Username: "testuser"}, nil
        },
    }
    handler := &UserHandler{service: mockService}

    // एग्जीक्यूट
    req := httptest.NewRequest("GET", "/users/1", nil)
    w := httptest.NewRecorder()
    handler.GetUser(w, req)

    // एसर्ट
    assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)

    var response User
    json.Unmarshal(w.Body.Bytes(), &response)
    assert.Equal(t, "testuser", response.Username)
}

func TestCreateUserEndToEnd(t *testing.T) {
    // परीक्षण डेटाबेस सेटअप
    db := setupTestDB(t)
    defer db.Close()

    // परीक्षण सर्वर स्टार्ट
    server := setupTestServer(db)
    defer server.Close()

    // रिक्वेस्ट बनाएं
    body := strings.NewReader(`{"email":"test@example.com","username":"testuser"}`)
    resp, err := http.Post(server.URL+"/users", "application/json", body)
    require.NoError(t, err)
    defer resp.Body.Close()

    // रिस्पॉन्स वेरिफाई करें
    assert.Equal(t, http.StatusCreated, resp.StatusCode)

    // डेटाबेस स्टेट वेरिफाई करें
    var count int
    db.QueryRow("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM users WHERE email = $1", "test@example.com").Scan(&count)
    assert.Equal(t, 1, count)
}

// @title User API
// @version 1.0
// @description API for managing users
// @host localhost:8080
// @BasePath /api/v1

// @Summary Get user by ID
// @Description Retrieves a user's information by their ID
// @Tags users
// @Accept json
// @Produce json
// @Param id path string true "User ID"
// @Success 200 {object} User
// @Failure 404 {object} APIError
// @Router /users/{id} [get]
func (h *UserHandler) GetUser(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
    // Implementation
}

import "github.com/NYTimes/gziphandler"

func main() {
    r := chi.NewRouter()
    r.Use(gziphandler.GzipHandler)
    // Rest of setup
}

import "github.com/go-redis/redis/v8"

type CachedUserRepository struct {
    repo  *UserRepository
    cache *redis.Client
}

func (r *CachedUserRepository) GetByID(ctx context.Context, id string) (*User, error) {
    // पहले कैश ट्राई करें
    cached, err := r.cache.Get(ctx, "user:"+id).Result()
    if err == nil {
        var user User
        json.Unmarshal([]byte(cached), &user)
        return &user, nil
    }

    // कैश मिस - डेटाबेस से फेट्च करें
    user, err := r.repo.FindByID(ctx, id)
    if err != nil {
        return nil, err
    }

    // कैश में स्टोर करें
    data, _ := json.Marshal(user)
    r.cache.Set(ctx, "user:"+id, data, 10*time.Minute)

    return user, nil
}

var httpClient = &http.Client{
    Timeout: 10 * time.Second,
    Transport: &http.Transport{
        MaxIdleConns:        100,
        MaxIdleConnsPerHost: 10,
        IdleConnTimeout:     90 * time.Second,
    },
}

# बिल्ड स्टेज
FROM golang:1.21-alpine AS builder
WORKDIR /app
COPY go.mod go.sum ./
RUN go mod download
COPY . .
RUN CGO_ENABLED=0 GOOS=linux go build -o api ./cmd/api

# प्रोडक्शन स्टेज
FROM alpine:latest
RUN apk --no-cache add ca-certificates
WORKDIR /root/
COPY --from=builder /app/api .
EXPOSE 8080
CMD ["./api"]

type Config struct {
    Port        string
    DatabaseURL string
    JWTSecret   string
    LogLevel    string
}

func LoadConfig() (*Config, error) {
    return &Config{
        Port:        getEnv("PORT", "8080"),
        DatabaseURL: getEnv("DATABASE_URL", ""),
        JWTSecret:   getEnv("JWT_SECRET", ""),
        LogLevel:    getEnv("LOG_LEVEL", "info"),
    }, nil
}

func getEnv(key, defaultValue string) string {
    if value := os.Getenv(key); value != "" {
        return value
    }
    return defaultValue
}

func main() {
    server := &http.Server{
        Addr:    ":8080",
        Handler: setupRouter(),
    }

    // सर्वर को गोरूटीन में स्टार्ट करें
    go func() {
        if err := server.ListenAndServe(); err != nil && err != http.ErrServerClosed {
            log.Fatalf("Server error: %v", err)
        }
    }

    // इंटरप्ट सिग्नल के लिए इंतजार करें
    quit := make(chan os.Signal, 1)
    signal.Notify(quit, syscall.SIGINT, syscall.SIGTERM)
    <-quit

    log.Println("Server shutting down...")

    // आउटस्टैंडिंग रिक्वेस्ट्स को 30 सेकंड तक पूरा होने दें
    ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 30*time.Second)
    defer cancel()

    if err := server.Shutdown(ctx); err != nil {
        log.Fatalf("Server forced to shutdown: %v", err)
    }

    log.Println("Server exited")
}

import "go.uber.org/zap"

func setupLogger() (*zap.Logger, error) {
    config := zap.NewProductionConfig()
    config.OutputPaths = []string{"stdout"}
    return config.Build()
}

func (h *UserHandler) GetUser(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
    logger := h.logger.With(
        zap.String("method", r.Method),
        zap.String("path", r.URL.Path),
        zap.String("user_id", r.Context().Value("userID").(string)),
    )

    logger.Info("Processing request")
    // Handler logic
}

import "github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus"

var (
    requestDuration = prometheus.NewHistogramVec(
        prometheus.HistogramOpts{
            Name: "http_request_duration_seconds",
            Help: "Duration of HTTP requests",
        },
        []string{"method", "path", "status"},
    )
)

func init() {
    prometheus.MustRegister(requestDuration)
}

func metricsMiddleware(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
    return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
        start := time.Now()
        recorder := &statusRecorder{ResponseWriter: w, status: 200}

        next.ServeHTTP(recorder, r)

        duration := time.Since(start).Seconds()
        requestDuration.WithLabelValues(
            r.Method,
            r.URL.Path,
            strconv.Itoa(recorder.status),
        ).Observe(duration)
    })
}